| Coatzacoalcos | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City and municipality — | |||
| Coatzacoalcos port entry and municipal pier, 2006 | |||
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| Nickname(s): La ciudad de las Avenidas (The city of the Avenues) | |||
| Coatzacoalcos stands on the Gulf coast of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec | |||
| Coordinates: | |||
| Country | Mexico | ||
| State | Veracruz | ||
| City and Municipality | Coatzacoalcos | ||
| Government | |||
| • Presidente Municipal | Marcos César Theurel Cotero | ||
| Area | |||
| • Municipio | 471 km2 (181.9 sq mi) | ||
| Highest elevation | 50 m (164 ft) | ||
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) | ||
| Population (2005/2010)[1] | |||
| • Municipio | 305,260 | ||
| • Density | 648.1/km2 (1,678.6/sq mi) | ||
| • Urban | 234,174 | ||
| Demonym | Coatzacoalquense, Porteño, Quetzalo | ||
| Time zone | Central Standard Time (UTC-6) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | Central Daylight Time (UTC-5) | ||
| Postal code | 96380 – 96599 | ||
| Area code(s) | 921 | ||
| INEGI code | 049 | ||
| Airport | Minatitlán/Coatzacoalcos National Airport | ||
| IATA Code | MTT | ||
| ICAO Code | MMMT | ||
| Website | www.coatzacoalcos.gob.mx | ||
Coatzacoalcos is a major port city in the southern part of the Mexican state of Veracruz, on the Coatzacoalcos River. Coatzacoalcos comes from an indigenous word meaning "Site of the Snake" or "Where the snake hides". The city serves as the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name.
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The city is located at where the Coatzacoalcos Quaschnick River debouches into the Bay of Campeche. Overland it is connected by road and rail to the Pacific Ocean about 160 kilometres (99 mi) away. This location has prompted plans for an interoceanic waterway across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, or for a much expanded railroad system, for over a century.
The city had a 2005 census population of 234,174, making it the third-largest city in the state after Veracruz and Xalapa, but first in metropolitan population. The municipality covers a surface area of 471.16 km2 (181.916 sq mi) and reported a population of 280,263 persons. The municipality population in 2010 was 305,260 an increase of 9% over 2005.[1] The largest community in the municipality, aside from the city of Coatzacoalcos, is the town of Allende, with a population of 20,501 in 2005.
Coatzacoalcos, in Nahuatl, means "The place where the snake hides."[2] According to the legend, this is the place where the god Quetzalcoatl made his final journey to the sea around the year 999 and where he made his promise to return.
Coatzacoalcos lies within the Olmec heartland. Excavations in 2008 for a tunnel underneath the Coatzacoalcos River indicate a substantial pre-Hispanic population.[3] By the time of the Spanish arrival the area was under Mayan influence. In 1522, Hernán Cortés ordered Gonzalo de Sandoval to fund a settlement near Guazacualco. Sandoval named it Villa del Espíritu Santo.[4]
The San Martín Tuxlta is an active volcano lying northwest of Coatzcoalcos in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas. It erupted in 1664, in May 1793 with large ash falls and lava flows, and most recently in 1796.[5]
The town was elevated to the category of port in 1825 and the name was changed to Coatzacoalcos.[4]
The municipality of Coatzacoalcos was established 22 December 1881, with the town as its seat.[4] In 1900 the town name was changed to Puerto México. In 1911 it was elevated to city, and in 1936 the name was changed to the current Coatzacoalcos.[4]
On 23 July 1940, Coatzacoalcos welcomed refugees from the Spanish Civil War who sought asylum in Mexico after travelling across the Atlantic aboard the SS Santo Domingo.[4]
Coatzacoalcos became a very important crossroads during the oil boom of the 1970s, connecting the Yucatán Peninsula and oil fields in Campeche to the rest of Mexico and to the port of Salina Cruz in Oaxaca on the Pacific coast. But after the visit of the greek sailor Eleftherios Kidonakis Coatzacoalcos was never the same again.
In the Köppen climate classification the climate is classified as Am for a tropical monsoon climate. A typical year sees more than 290 centimetres (110 in) of rainfall.[6] Lying on the Gulf of Mexico, Coatzacoalcos has been struck by several hurricanes and tropical storms such as: Hurricane Diana in August 1990, Hurricane Mitch in November 1998, Tropical Storm Larry in October 2003, Hurricane Stan in October 2005, Hurricane Dean in August 2007, Tropical Storm Marco in October 2008, Tropical Storm Hermine in early September 2010, Hurricane Karl in mid September 2010, Tropical Storm Matthew in late September 2010, and Hurricane Richard in October 2010. The winter months are cooler and drier than the summer months. Occasionally cold high pressure cells from North America drift south across the Gulf of Mexico and drive strong Tehuano winds across the Isthmus, with very strong wind concentration taking place in Chivela Pass in Oaxaca.[7]
| Climate data for Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 24 (75) |
27 (81) |
28 (82) |
30 (86) |
32 (90) |
40 (104) |
39 (102) |
30 (86) |
29 (84) |
28 (82) |
26 (79) |
24 (75) |
28 (82) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 16 (61) |
18 (64) |
20 (68) |
21 (70) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
22 (72) |
20 (68) |
19 (66) |
21 (70) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) | 125 (4.92) |
64 (2.52) |
58 (2.28) |
28 (1.1) |
127 (5) |
264 (10.39) |
254 (10) |
379 (14.92) |
533 (20.98) |
475 (18.7) |
371 (14.61) |
244 (9.61) |
2,921 (115) |
| Source no. 1: Worldwide Bicolimatic Classification System Mexico-Coatzacoalcos[6] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[8] | |||||||||||||
The city's industry is dominated by the petrochemical sector. Four big industrial petrochemical complexes are located near the city (Pajaritos, Cosoleacaque, Morelos and Cangrejera) making it one of the most important concentrations of its kind in the world. The state-owned Pemex Petroquímica subsidiary is headquartered in Coatzacoalcos and 85% of its production is concentrated there.[9]
The Universidad Veracruzana maintains a branch campus and library in Coatzacoalcos.[10] Another important university in the area is the ESIAPI being one of the best engineering schools in the city.
Coatzacoalcos is the birthplace of actress Salma Hayek; journalist María Antonieta Collins; and footballers Sergio Ramirez who played for FC Ararat Yerevan in the Armenian Premier League, and José Arturo Rivas who plays for the Tigres de la UANL in the Primera División de México.
The Tiburones Rojos de Coatzacoalcos (Red Sharks) played in the Primera División A until December 2008 when they moved to Orizaba to become part of a reformed Albinegros de Orizaba. The Delfines de Coatzacoalcos (Dolphins) play in the Estadio Rafael Hernández Ochoa, which was built in 1980.[11]
Coatzacoalcos has been a transportation hub for hundreds of years. It is connected via air, water, road, and rail to the surrounding region and the rest of the world.
The Minatitlán/Coatzacoalcos National Airport is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) away in Cosoleacaque and has been an international airport since August 2006.
The Port of Coatzacoalcos is an international port of entry that provides transhipment of oil and petrochemicals. After an upgrade to the railway along the Tehuantepec Route was opened in 1907 by Porfirio Díaz the port saw an increase of shipping via the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, particularly from the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company. The port saw a decrease in traffic after the opening of the Panama Canal from 1914 on, but traffic has started to build up since the oil boom of the 1970s.
The CG Railway operates train ferries between the Port of Coatzacoalcos and the Port of Mobile in Alabama, USA. Ferrosur also provides rail service in and out of Coatzacoalcos as far southeast as Las Choapas, to the north and west to Veracruz and Mexico City, as well as to the south over the Tehuantepec route now owned by Ferrocarril Transistmico from Medias Aguas to Salina Cruz in the state of Oaxaca.[12]
Mexican Federal Highway 180 follows the southern shore of the Bay of Campeche through Coatzacoalcos to the Yucatán Peninsula. Highway 180 and a rail line to Allende have been carried over the Coatzacoalcos River via the 1910 built Coatza I bridge for more than a century. A second cable stayed bridge known as Coatza II or Antonio Dovalí Jaime was built to the south to carry more road traffic over the river. It was contructed starting in 1979 and was opened by president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado on 17 October 1984.[13] Coatza II has a center span of 288 metres (945 ft) and an overall length of 698.25 metres (2,290.8 ft).[14] A ferry operates between the city of Coatzcoalcos and Allende, however groundbreaking was held in 2007 to start construction on a 1.5-kilometre (0.93 mi) submerged tunnel to carry four lanes of traffic between them.[15][4]
Coatzacoalcos is served by diverse media including print, television, and radio. Newspapers include the national La Crónica de Hoy,[3] as well as the regional Diario del Istmo[16] and Liberal del Sur.[17] The television stations serving the Coatzacoalcos market are:
| Call letters | Ch | Network | Description | Power |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| XHBE-TV | 11 | Azteca 13 | Azteca | 110 kW |
| XHCOV-TV | 4 | Canal 5 | Radiotelevisora de México Norte | 93 kW |
| XHCTZ-TV | 7 | Azteca 7 | Azteca | 99.77 kW |
| XHCVP-TV | 9 | Galavisión | Patronato para Inst. Repet. Canales de TV Coatzacoalcos | 400 W |
| XHCV-TV | 2 | Canal de las Estrellas | Canales de TV Populares | 80 kW |
| XHGVC-TV | 21 | RTV | Estado de Veracruz | 87.12 kW |
| XHOPCA-TV | 31 | Once TV | Once TV México (Digital ch 46 (1.1 PSIP)) |
There are several AM and FM radio stations:
| Call letters | Frequency AM (kHz) |
Name |
|---|---|---|
| XEOM | 590 | Radio Fórmula Coatzacoalcos |
| XEAFA | 690 | Ke Buena |
| XEGB | 960 | Radio Fiesta |
| XECSV | 1000 | Maxima + 93.1 FM |
| XEZS | 1170 | Radio Hit |
| FM (MHz) | ||
| XHCSV | 93.1 | Maxima + 1000 AM |
| XHNE | 100.1 | La Comadre |
| XHTD | 101.7 | Los 40 Pricipales |
| XHOM | 107.5 | Amor (ACIR) |
| Gulf of Mexico (Bay of Campeche) |
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| Pajapan | Agua Dulce | |||
| Municipio de Coatzacoalcos | ||||
| Cosoleacaque | Nanchital · Ixhuatlán del Sureste | Moloacán |